Teaser How do we turn conflict into institution‑learning rather than reputational combat? Habermas’s public sphere supplies rules for productive friction—reciprocity, reasons, reply—yet its ideal excludes by design. This essay rebuilds the model around counterpublics as protected workshops that translate lived harm into public claims, with design moves for campuses, clubs, and platforms. 1) Habermas in … Continue reading 1. Habermas and Why Counterpublics Matter for Social Friction